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2013-4-17 09:22
The bipartisan plan to overhaul the nation's immigration law would drastically rewrite the system for awarding visas to live in the U.S., giving preference based on skills and economic needs and putting less emphasis on family ties.
The sweeping immigration legislation, which a group of eight senators is expected to unveil this week, creates a pathway to citizenship for the more than 11 million immigrants living in the U.S. illegally, increases border security and overhauls a bevy of visa programs, many tied to employment opportunities. 'We're motivated by the fact that our immigration system is just completely broken,' said New York Sen. Chuck Schumer, a Democratic member of the group crafting legislation. 'We turn away people who can create jobs in America and let cross the border people who take jobs away from Americans.' A summary of the legislation, provided by Senate aides, describes a visa system with more limits on those who migrate because of family connections and wider paths for highly skilled immigrants. It also would come with more rules, including a mandatory system for all employers to check workers' legal status and, in some cases, stricter requirements for employers looking to hire immigrants in the future. In exchange, employers would have access to a broader talent pool for jobs ranging from low-skilled workers and agricultural laborers to positions requiring high skill levels. The bill also lays out a potentially arduous path to citizenship for those immigrants living in the U.S. illegally. To qualify for provisional status, the first step toward legal, permanent residency, immigrants must have arrived before Dec. 31, 2011, and may not have a criminal record that includes felonies. Anyone with three or more misdemeanors also would be disqualified; advocate groups have said such a requirement could end up excluding immigrants who live in states with particularly strict immigration laws, such as Arizona. People who gain provisional status would have to wait 10 years before being eligible for permanent legal status, and during that time they would have to renew their provisional permit every six years. The cost would be roughly $2,000 in penalty fees over a decade, with processing fees levied on top of that. Immigrants with provisional status will have several routes to gaining citizenship. One would be a new merit-based system that may consider how long they have been in the country or education level and employment. The path would be faster for many unauthorized immigrants brought to the U.S. as children and people working illegally in agricultural jobs. Many of them would be eligible for green cards in five years, and those brought to the U.S. as children would eligible for citizenship as soon as they received their green cards. The legislation includes a wide range of new work-visa programs that a Senate aide said would increase the number of skilled and employment-based visas while reducing family visas. The bill would eliminate caps on the number of visas for immigrants with 'extraordinary ability' in scientific or artistic fields, among others, as well as for multinational executives and those with doctoral degrees. Their immediate families also would be able to access visas that aren't subject to caps. In a move likely to draw opposition from some immigration advocates and faith-based groups pushing for an overhaul, the bill would eliminate visa programs for siblings and children of U.S. citizens who are married and over 31 years old. SARA MURRAY 获得两党支持的美国移民法改革方案有望极大地重写美国的签证制度，更加注重技能和经济需要，更少强调家庭关系。
Agence France-Presse/Getty Images上周六，数万名移民法改革的支持者在美国国会大厦举行“团结起来争取公民权”的游行活动。这项包罗广泛的移民法案为非法在美居住的逾1,100万外来移民创造了一条入籍通道，有利于加强边境安全，改革一系列签证项目，其中很多项目与就业机会有关。预计由八位参议员组成的小组将于本周公开新的移民法案。 纽约州民主党参议员舒默(Chuck Schumer)说，推动我们做出这一决定的原因在于这样一个事实，美国移民制度已经彻底不管用了。他是新移民法案起草小组的成员。他说，我们拒绝能够在美国创造就业岗位的人，而让从美国人手中抢走工作的人进入美国。 参议院助理提供的移民法案概要显示，新的签证体系对因家庭关系而移民的人有了更多限制，而对技术熟练的移民放宽了限制。法案还将设置更多规定，包括要求全部雇主必须核查员工法律地位的强制制度，有些情况下，雇主未来雇佣移民需要满足更严格的要求。 相应地，雇主将可以在范围更广的人才池中选拔人才，移民可以从事的工作从低技能员工到农业劳力、到需要高技能水平的职位，不一而足。 法案还提出了一个对于非法移民来说可能很难的入籍办法。这些移民必须在2011年12月31日之前入境，且无重罪犯罪记录，才有资格获得临时身份。临时身份是通向合法、永久居民身份的第一步。任何有三项或以上轻罪的人也会失去资格。倡议组织已经表示，这样的要求可能会将居住在拥有严格移民法的各州的移民排除在外，比如亚利桑那州的移民。 获得了临时身份的人们可能要再等10年才有资格获得永久的合法身份，在此期间，需要每六年更新临时居住证。其间的成本大约为10年2,000美元的罚金，手续费另算。 拥有临时身份的外来人口将有几种途径获得居民身份。一个途径是新的根据积分体系，积分多少将取决于你在这个国家已经居住的时间、受教育水平和职业。 对于从小被带到美国的儿童和非法从事农业工作者等非法移民来说，这个途径将会比以往更快。许多人将有资格在五年后获得绿卡，从小被带到美国的孩子一旦获得绿卡将有资格获得居民身份。 这部法律包括了一系列新的工作签证项目，参议院的一名助手说，这些项目将增加有技能的人获得的签证以及工作签证的数量，同时减少家庭签证。 这一法案将会取消对在科学或艺术领域拥有卓越才能的移民的签证数量限制，享有这一待遇的还包括跨国公司高管以及拥有博士学位的人。他们的直系亲属也能够获得签证，不受数量的限制。 这一法案还将取消针对美国居民已婚及31岁以上的兄弟姐妹和子女的签证项目。此举可能会引来一些移民倡导人士和致力于推动改革的信仰团体的反对。 SARA MURRAY （本文版权归道琼斯公司所有，未经许可不得翻译或转载。） |