【英语中国】中国工人学会与老板“还价”

双语秀   2016-05-15 00:37   92   0  

2010-6-11 20:49

小艾摘要: Employers used to dictating terms to their Chinese workforce are learning to beg, plead and cajole. But a softer tone is just the start of the learning curve, as company bosses also adjust time-honour ...
Employers used to dictating terms to their Chinese workforce are learning to beg, plead and cajole. But a softer tone is just the start of the learning curve, as company bosses also adjust time-honoured practices to accommodate the new power dynamic emerging on their factory floors.

At a strike-affected Honda plant in southern Guangdong province yesterday, management posted a note assuring workers that their contracts would be renewed and no one would be fired for participating in an industrial action that began on June 7.

“Regarding the demand for a wage increase, the company promises to reply in 10 days,” concluded the notice at Foshan Fengfu Autoparts, which makes exhaust components for the Japanese carmaker's China assembly plants. Behind Foshan Fengfu's gates, workers loitered in their company uniforms. They are not working,” said one businesswoman who does outsourcing work for the Honda subsidiary. “They are just hanging out in the factory.”

As a result, Honda said, its automotive assembly plants in nearby Guangzhou, the provincial capital, would remain closed today. It is the second time in as many weeks – following similar industrial action at a nearby transmission factory – that the Japanese carmaker's China operations have been held hostage by worker unrest.

Honda's labour dilemma is fairly straightforward in the context of south China's manufacturing industries. Workers, who live off-site and commute to their plants for shift work, have simply been lobbying for more pay. Employees at Honda Automotive Components Manufacturing, the transmission plant, secured an increase of 24-33 per cent late last week.

Matters are much more complicated lower down the value chain, where electronics assemblers operate self-contained “factory towns” that are home to tens if not hundreds of thousands of workers. Constant overtime, repetitive assembly line tasks and debilitating overnight shifts can breed a sense of isolation.

In a tragic expression of the lengths to which workers can be driven, 10 employees at Foxconn, the Taiwanese contract electronics assembler, have taken their lives this year at a facility employing 300,000 people in Shenzhen, another south China manufacturing hub. The most recent suicides prompted the company, headed by Terry Gou, to promise it would more than double monthly wages to Rmb2,000 ($290,
过去常常对中国工人颐指气使的雇主,现在正学着恳请、乞求与哄骗。但态度的缓和仅仅是吸取教训的开始,一些企业老板如今已着手调整历史悠久的业务习惯,以适应工厂内显现出来的新权力格局。

周三,在广东省一家受罢工影响的本田(Honda)工厂内,管理层贴出了通知,向工人们保证他们的合同会续签,没有人会因为参与始于6月7日的罢工行动而被解雇。

“至于加薪要求,公司承诺在10天后答复,”佛山市丰富汽配有限公司(Foshan Fengfu Autoparts)在通知的最后写道。丰富为本田在中国的整车装配厂生产排气零部件。在工厂的大门后面,工人们穿着公司制服四处闲逛。“他们不是在工作,只是在厂里晃荡,”一名为这家本田附属企业做外包业务的女商人说道。

本田表示,由于罢工,公司在广州市的汽车装配厂周四仍将关闭。该日本汽车制造商的中国业务因工人罢工而受到影响,这已经是两周内的第二次了。此前,丰富附近的一家变速器厂也发生了类似的罢工行动。

在中国南部的制造业中,本田的劳工困境算是相当直截了当的。本田的工人住在厂外,每天乘车去工厂上班,实行倒班制。工人罢工仅仅是为了争取加薪。佛山本田汽车零部件制造有限公司(即上文提到的变速器厂)的雇员,上周晚些时候获得了24%到33%的加薪。

顺着这条价值链往下,情况要复杂得多。电子装配商运营着设施齐全的“工业园”,数以万计乃至数十万工人就生活在这里。经常加班、重复的装配线工作、以及损害身体的夜班,会催生出孤独感。

在台湾电子代工装配商富士康(Foxconn)雇有30万人的一家深圳工厂里,今年有10名工人结束了自己的生命,以人生悲剧表达了工人们能够忍受的极限。最近的自杀事件迫使郭台铭(Terry Guo)领导的富士康承诺,将把工人的月薪提高1倍多,至2000元人民币(合290美元)。

本田两位数的提薪幅度虽然慷慨,但此前两年,整个地区的工资普遍没有增长,工人们放低心态,对在全球金融危机最严重时期能保住工作而心怀感激。此次加薪还为中国经济中一项受人欢迎的再平衡带来了希望——1980年至2008年,工资在中国经济总产出中所占比例从17%下降至11%。

苏格兰皇家银行(RBS)分析师本周在一份研究报告中写道:“十年前,牺牲劳工利益,让企业得以积累资本非常重要。但在(工业)产能过剩和消费不足的情况下,钟摆已经摆到了另一边。(政府的)目标是,鼓励企业升级改造,(降低它们)对廉价劳动力的过度依赖。”

富士康的调薪幅度,预示着该地区对廉价劳动力近乎反射性的依赖,有可能发生明显转变。美欧及日本消费者也把廉价劳动力带来的好处当作一件想当然的事情。

郭台铭本周在台北的公司年会上问道:“为何加薪?因为我们的结构需要改变。我们需要大举转向没有工人的自动化工厂。当我们使用机器人和自动化设备时,我们需要的是熟练技师,而不是初级装配线工人。”

“我们不想仅仅遵循最低工资标准。哪怕不能成为薪资水平最高的雇主,我们至少也需要排名靠前。”

富士康为苹果(Apple)、戴尔(Dell)和惠普(Hewlett-Packard)等公司组装高科技配件。公司高管相信,西方消费者会帮助吸收提高的劳动力成本。

在中国东部省份江苏设有一家工厂的台湾电信设备制造商明泰科技(Alpha Networks)表示:“我们仍然在观望政府和其它公司会怎么做。工资仅占我们成本的1%到3%,因此如果我们确实不得不提薪的话,我们会尝试把它转嫁给客户。”

但对于缺乏规模经济和蓝筹客户的小企业,富士康那样的加薪幅度令人望而生畏。

“我们一些公司没有竞争力启动加薪,”东莞市一家台湾玩具厂的厂主抱怨说。

“这里的总体运营环境多年来不断恶化,如今的情况是:电力短缺,土地价格不断上涨,予人方便的官员越来越少,难以满足的工人越来越多。”

英国《金融时报》汤姆?米切尔(Tom Mitchell)香港、刘励和(Justine Lau)佛山、邝彦晖(Robin Kwong)台北报道

译者/何黎

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